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DEPRESSION

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DEPRESSION Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Depression is an affective disorder characterized by a psychomotor retardation. It can also be called major depressive disorder or clinical depression. It affects how you feel, think and behave and it can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. AETIOLOGY 1. Heredity 2. Biochemical change in the body 3. Physical conditions e.g. infection and certain drugs like steroids and reserpine. 4. Hormonal imbalance 5. Psychological factors such as bereavement, pressure at work, home or maternal deprivation. CLASSIFICATION OF DEPRESSION 1. Exogenous depression 2. Endogenous depression 3. Depression phase of bipolar affective disorder 4. Puerperal depression 5. Unipolar depression CLINICAL MANIFESTATION 1. Feeling of sadness 2. Tearfulness 3. Tearfulness 4. Hopelessness 5. Angry outburst 6. Irritability or frustration 7. Loss of ...
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ANTICOAGULANTS

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ANTICOAGULANTS These agents are employed to inhibit homeostasis at different stages till the stage of fibrinolysis. Homeostasis involves the interplay of three procoagulant phases ( vascular, platelet, and coagulation ) that promote blood clotting to prevent blood loss. The fibrinolytic system prevents propagation of clotting beyond the site of vascular injury and is involved in clot dissolution, or lysis. OVERVIEW OF THROMBOSIS Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a blood vessel is injured, the body uses platelets (thrombocytes) and fibrin to form a blood clot to prevent blood loss. Even when a blood vessel is not injured, blood clots may form in the body under certain conditions. A clot that breaks free and begins to travel around the body is known as an embolus. When a thrombus occupies more than 75% of cross-sectional area of the lumen of an artery, blood flow to the tissue ...
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ANTIANGINAL DRUGS

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ANTIANGINAL DRUGS Angina pectoris is a clinical manifestation described as a sudden, sharp retrosternal pain. An acute anginal attack is thought to occur because of an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand owing to the inability of coronary blood flow to increase in proportion to increases in myocardial oxygen requirements. This is generally the result of severe coronary artery atherosclerosis. Angina pectoris may also occur as a result of vasospasm of large epicardial coronary vessels or one of their major branches. In addition, angina in certain patients may result from a combination of coronary vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, plaque rupture, and an increase in myocardial oxygen demand. Antianginal drugs may relieve attacks of acute myocardial ischemia by increasing myocardial oxygen supply or by decreasing myocardial oxygen demand or both. Three groups of pharmacological agents have been shown to be effective in reducing the frequency, severity, or bot...
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