Midwifery test

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DEPRESSION

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DEPRESSION Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Depression is an affective disorder characterized by a psychomotor retardation. It can also be called major depressive disorder or clinical depression. It affects how you feel, think and behave and it can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. AETIOLOGY 1. Heredity 2. Biochemical change in the body 3. Physical conditions e.g. infection and certain drugs like steroids and reserpine. 4. Hormonal imbalance 5. Psychological factors such as bereavement, pressure at work, home or maternal deprivation. CLASSIFICATION OF DEPRESSION 1. Exogenous depression 2. Endogenous depression 3. Depression phase of bipolar affective disorder 4. Puerperal depression 5. Unipolar depression CLINICAL MANIFESTATION 1. Feeling of sadness 2. Tearfulness 3. Tearfulness 4. Hopelessness 5. Angry outburst 6. Irritability or frustration 7. Loss of ...
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ANTIANGINAL DRUGS

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ANTIANGINAL DRUGS Angina pectoris is a clinical manifestation described as a sudden, sharp retrosternal pain. An acute anginal attack is thought to occur because of an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand owing to the inability of coronary blood flow to increase in proportion to increases in myocardial oxygen requirements. This is generally the result of severe coronary artery atherosclerosis. Angina pectoris may also occur as a result of vasospasm of large epicardial coronary vessels or one of their major branches. In addition, angina in certain patients may result from a combination of coronary vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, plaque rupture, and an increase in myocardial oxygen demand. Antianginal drugs may relieve attacks of acute myocardial ischemia by increasing myocardial oxygen supply or by decreasing myocardial oxygen demand or both. Three groups of pharmacological agents have been shown to be effective in reducing the frequency, severity, or bot...
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CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

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CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE CKD/END STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD)   Is a progressive, irreversible deterioration in renal function in which the body’s ability to maintain metabolic and fluid and electrolyte balance fails, resulting  in  uremia  and azotemia. ESRD  Causes:   1. Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, chronic glomerulonephritis,     pyelonephritis. Obstruction of the urinary     tract, hereditary lesions as in polycystic     kidney  disease,  vascular  disorders,     infections, medications, or toxic agents.   2. Environmental and occupational agents  that  have  been  implicated  in  CRF  include lead, mercury and chromium.  Dialysis  or  kidney  transplantation  eventually  becomes  necessary  for  patient’s survival. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY   Has renal function deteriorate the e...
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