FATFEM20

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE CKD/END STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD)   Is a progressive, irreversible deterioration in renal function in which the body’s ability to maintain metabolic and fluid and electrolyte balance fails, resulting  in  uremia  and azotemia. ESRD  Causes:   1. Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, chronic glomerulonephritis,     pyelonephritis. Obstruction of the urinary     tract, hereditary lesions as in polycystic     kidney  disease,  vascular  disorders,     infections, medications, or toxic agents.   2. Environmental and occupational agents  that  have  been  implicated  in  CRF  include lead, mercury and chromium.  Dialysis  or  kidney  transplantation  eventually  becomes  necessary  for  patient’s survival. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY   Has renal function deteriorate the e...

ACUTE  RENAL  FAILURE Results when the kidneys cannot remove the body’s metabolic wastes or perform their regulatory functions. The substances normally   eliminated   in   the   urine accumulate in the body fluids as a result of impaired renal excretion, leading to a disruption in endocrine and metabolic functions as well as fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disturbances.  It is a systemic disease and is a final   common pathway of many different kidney   and urinary tract diseases.  CATEGORIES OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE  ➡️ PRERENAL Occurs in 60 to 70% of cases,  is the result of impaired blood flow  that leads to hypoperfusion of the  kidney and a decrease in the GFR. Common   clinical   conditions  are: 1. volume-depletion states (hemorrhage  or  Gl  losses) 2. impaired  cardiac  performance (Mi, HF:or cardiogenic  shock) 3...

HIV/AIDS  OVERVIEW   HIV stands for “human immunodeficiency virus,” and it attacks immune cells called CD4 cells. These are types of T cell  white blood cells that circulate, detecting infections throughout the body and faults and anomalies in other cells. HIV targets and infiltrates CD4 cells, using them to create more copies of the virus. In doing so, it destroys the cells and reduces the body’s ability to combat other infections and diseases. This increases the risk and impact of opportunistic infections and some types of cancer. AIDS is a disease caused by infection with HIV and is characterized by profound immunosuppression with associated opportunistic infections, malignancies, wasting, and central nervous system degeneration. HIV is a retrovirus that selectively attacks the CD4T lymphocytes, the immune cells responsible for orchestrating and coordinating the immune response to infection. As a consequence, persons with HIV infection have a deteriorating immune syste...

OVERVIEW Hydronephrosis is swelling of one or both kidneys. Kidney swelling happens when urine can't drain from a kidney and builds up in the kidney as a result. This can occur from a blockage in the tubes that drain urine from the kidneys (ureters) or from an anatomical defect that doesn't allow urine to drain properly.  It can occur anywhere along the urinary tract from the opening of the kidneys to the ureters (draining the kidneys to the bladder), the bladder, and the urethra (draining the bladder). Problems with any of these structures may cause impaired emptying of the urinary system and back up of fluid and pressure. If only one of the kidneys is affected, the condition is called unilateral hydronephrosis. If both kidneys are affected, it is called bilateral hydronephrosis. Hydronephrosis may result in decreased kidney function. If not treated right away, permanent damage to the kidney or kidneys may occur, resulting in kidney failure. DEFINITION Hydronephros...

DEFINITION   Myasthenia Gravis  is a progressive disease affecting neuromuscular transmission of impulses in voluntary muscles and due to insufficient amount of ACH. Note: Dxr  (disorder ) ACH  (acetylcholine ) MG  (myasthenia gravis ) NM(Neuromuscular).  Note that it is more common in women cuz of their susceptibility to hormonal imbalances and depletion of neurotransmitters. CAUSES /RISK FACTORS  ✔Depletion of ACH reception by an autoimmune attack.  ✔Emotional upset. ✔URTI ✔Surgery  ✔Trauma ✔ACTH Therapy  ✔Thyroid Dxr.  ✔Tumour of the thymus gland (Thymoma). PATHOPHYSIOLOGY   👉MG is a progressive dxr affecting NM transmission of impulses in voluntary muscles. 👉In MG,antibodies are attached to ACH receptor sites,block, destroy and weaken these sites thereby making them insensitive to ACH . 👉This insensitivity leads to an interference or blockage in NM transmission of impulse.  👉This results in abnormal wea...

 Parkinson's Disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative neurological disorder of the nerve cells in the basal ganglia (Substantia Nigra)that affects extrapyramidal system. ✏Note: It is characterized by difficulty in control and regulation of movement.   CAUSES : Note ✏:The cause is idiopathic(unknown) but it can be attributed to different factors(predisposing factors).These factors include 👉Viral infection  👉Chemical toxicity(e.g. Manganese, CO,dust) 👉CVA 👉Effects of drugs .e.g. Major tranquilizers  👉Genetics/Heredity. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY !!! 👉Parkinson's Disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative neurological disorder of the nerve cells in the basal ganglia (Substantia Nigra) that affects extrapyramidal system. 👉Dopamine is an inhibitory NT responsible for the normal functioning of the EPS(Substantia Nigra, Globus pallidum, corpus striatum). 👉The Substantia Nigra is connected to the Corpus Striatum by a Dopamine releasing pathway known as B...

Introduction Bronchial asthma could be defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial airways resulting in its hyper-responsiveness which resolves spontaneously or in response to treatment . It manifest clinically with difficulty in breathing associated with wheezing, cough and chest tightness. While status asthmaticus is a severe asthma attack that fails to response to conventional therapy after 24hours. The terminology status asthmaticus is outdated and has been replaced by the term Acute Severe Asthmatic Attack (ASAA). It is a life threatening episode of airway obstruction and is considered a medical emergency. ETIOLOGY The precipitating factors in ASAA are usually upper respiratory infections, allergen exposure, or a reduction in anti-inflammatory medications. Other relating factors include- overreliance on bronchodilators, environmental pollutant, failure to identify worsening airflow obstruction and non-compliance with health care regimen. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ...

MACULA DEGENERATION Macula is the small yellowish area of the retina near the optic disk that provides central vision. That allows you to to look straight, focus and to read etc Macular degeneration is a common eye disorder that causes central vision loss. The central vision is what is seen when looking straight ahead.  Peripheral vision is what is seen on the side when looking straight ahead. Macular degeneration doesn’t cause total blindness because it doesn’t affect  peripheral vision. CAUSES The cause of this disease is deterioration of the macula, which is a small area in the center of the retina in the back of the eye. The cause is idiopathic but here are some risk factors associated with this condition: ➡️ obesity ➡️ Caucasian ethnicity ➡️ being female ➡️ a family history of the condition ➡️ smoking ➡️ high blood cholesterol levels ➡️ cardiovascular disease ➡️ hypertension Types of macular degeneration The two types of macular degeneration are dr...

RETINA DETACHMENT  Retinal detachment describes an emergency situation in which a critical layer of tissue (the retina) at the back of the eye pulls away from the layer of blood vessels that provides it with oxygen and nourishment. Retinal detachment leaves the retinal cells lacking oxygen. The longer retinal detachment goes untreated, the greater the risk of permanent vision loss in the affected eye. The retina sends visual images to the brain through the optic nerve. When detachment occurs, vision is blurred. A detached retina is a serious problem that can cause blindness unless it is treated. The retina normally lies smoothly and firmly against the inside back wall of the eyeball and functions much like the film in the back of a camera. Millions of light-sensitive retinal cells receive optical images, instantly "develop" them, and send them on to the brain to be seen. If any part of the retina is lifted or pulled from its normal position, it is considered detac...

DEFINITION : 👉Cataract is a disorder that causes the lens or its capsules to lose its transparency or become opaque. Note : Cataract are made from a protein that has altered from its natural state,distorting and eventually prohibiting required light from entering into the retina(the part of the eye that receives light).  Often cataracts cause no problems for many years but as the cataracts mature the cloudiness increases on the lens, the light reaching the retina decreases and significant sight loss and perhaps blindness can result. TYPES : ✔Cataracts affecting the center of the lens (nuclear cataracts). A nuclear cataract may at first cause more nearsightedness or even a temporary improvement in your reading vision. But with time, the lens gradually turns more densely yellow and further clouds your vision. ✔Cataracts that affect the edges of the lens (cortical cataracts). A cortical cataract begins as whitish, wedge-shaped opacities or streaks on the outer edge of the...

Definition : 👉Acute and chronic inflammation of the gallbladder. Causes/Predisposing factors: ⛄Cholelithiasis (gall stones or calculi). ⛄Obstruction of cystic duct. ⛄Trauma ⛄Massive burns ⛄Surgery ⛄Infection  ⛄Obesity ⛄Hereditary  ⛄Sedentary life style ⛄DM.   Note ✏The main cause of cholecystitis is Gall stones Pathophysiology : 🌞Due to any of the above listed causes (I'm using gall stones,tho),the gall bladder will be lodged/obstructed and hidering the flow of bile. 🌞Accumulation of bile due to the obstruction,irritates the gallbladder causing it to be inflamed and distended,and signs of JAUNDICE are seen. 🌞Inflammation and distention of the gall bladder would manifest in the cardinal signs of inflammation including PAIN,TENDERNESS,FEVER,along side NAUSEA and VOMITING.  🌞The obstruction of bile flow hinders fat metabolism in the duodenum (cuz that's where the bile acts). 🌞Presence of fat in the duodenum will stimulate contraction of gall bladder ...