OTITIS MEDIA

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ANATOMY OF THE EYE

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Special senses  [ EYE] These are organs in the body that performs specialised functions. They contain sensory receptors which receives sensory impulses and pass them to the appropriate centers in the brain for interpretation.   ➡️ Types of Sensory Receptors - based on the type of stimuli they detect: 1. Mechanoreceptors - pressure receptors, stretch receptors, and specialized mechanoreceptors involved  in movement and balance.  2. Thermoreceptors - skin and viscera, respond to both external and internal temperature.  3. Pain receptors - stimulated by lack of O2, chemicals released from damaged cells and inflammatory  cells.  4. Chemoreceptors - detect changes in levels of O2, CO2, and H+ ions (pH) as well as chemicals that  stimulate taste and smell receptors  5. Photoreceptors - stimulated by light ➡️ Distribution of Receptors in the body: Special Senses • mediated by relatively complex sense organs of the head, innervated by cranial ...
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CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

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CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE CKD/END STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD)   Is a progressive, irreversible deterioration in renal function in which the body’s ability to maintain metabolic and fluid and electrolyte balance fails, resulting  in  uremia  and azotemia. ESRD  Causes:   1. Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, chronic glomerulonephritis,     pyelonephritis. Obstruction of the urinary     tract, hereditary lesions as in polycystic     kidney  disease,  vascular  disorders,     infections, medications, or toxic agents.   2. Environmental and occupational agents  that  have  been  implicated  in  CRF  include lead, mercury and chromium.  Dialysis  or  kidney  transplantation  eventually  becomes  necessary  for  patient’s survival. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY   Has renal function deteriorate the e...
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VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN

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 The ventricular system is a set of communicating cavities within the brain. These structures are responsible for the production, transport and removal of cerebrospinal fluid, which bathes the central nervous system. FUNCTIONS OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID  Cerebrospinal fluid is an ultrafiltrate of plasma that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It serves three main functions : ➡️ Protection : acts as a cushion for the brain, limiting neural damage in cranial injuries. ➡️Buoyancy : by being immersed in CSF, the net weight of the brain is reduced to approximately 25 grams. This prevents excessive pressure on the base of the brain. ➡️Chemical stability : the CSF creates an environment to allow for proper functioning of the brain, e.g. maintaining low extracellular K+ for synaptic transmission. VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN  The ventricles are structures that produce cerebrospinal fluid, and transport it around the cranial cavity. They are lined by ependymal cells, which fo...
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