DEPRESSION Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Depression is an affective disorder characterized by a psychomotor retardation. It can also be called major depressive disorder or clinical depression. It affects how you feel, think and behave and it can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. AETIOLOGY 1. Heredity 2. Biochemical change in the body 3. Physical conditions e.g. infection and certain drugs like steroids and reserpine. 4. Hormonal imbalance 5. Psychological factors such as bereavement, pressure at work, home or maternal deprivation. CLASSIFICATION OF DEPRESSION 1. Exogenous depression 2. Endogenous depression 3. Depression phase of bipolar affective disorder 4. Puerperal depression 5. Unipolar depression CLINICAL MANIFESTATION 1. Feeling of sadness 2. Tearfulness 3. Tearfulness 4. Hopelessness 5. Angry outburst 6. Irritability or frustration 7. Loss of ...
Special senses [ EYE] These are organs in the body that performs specialised functions. They contain sensory receptors which receives sensory impulses and pass them to the appropriate centers in the brain for interpretation. ➡️ Types of Sensory Receptors - based on the type of stimuli they detect: 1. Mechanoreceptors - pressure receptors, stretch receptors, and specialized mechanoreceptors involved in movement and balance. 2. Thermoreceptors - skin and viscera, respond to both external and internal temperature. 3. Pain receptors - stimulated by lack of O2, chemicals released from damaged cells and inflammatory cells. 4. Chemoreceptors - detect changes in levels of O2, CO2, and H+ ions (pH) as well as chemicals that stimulate taste and smell receptors 5. Photoreceptors - stimulated by light ➡️ Distribution of Receptors in the body: Special Senses • mediated by relatively complex sense organs of the head, innervated by cranial ...
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE CKD/END STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD) Is a progressive, irreversible deterioration in renal function in which the body’s ability to maintain metabolic and fluid and electrolyte balance fails, resulting in uremia and azotemia. ESRD Causes: 1. Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis. Obstruction of the urinary tract, hereditary lesions as in polycystic kidney disease, vascular disorders, infections, medications, or toxic agents. 2. Environmental and occupational agents that have been implicated in CRF include lead, mercury and chromium. Dialysis or kidney transplantation eventually becomes necessary for patient’s survival. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Has renal function deteriorate the e...
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